NGT Demands Centre's Response on Kanwar Lake's Ecological Crisis

New Delhi, India Jul 26, 2026 ALN: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently taken significant steps to address the ecological crisis facing Kanwar Lake, the largest oxbow lake in Asia, located in the state of Bihar, India. This action follows a media report that highlighted the alarming decline in the ecological health of the lake, prompting the tribunal to seek responses from the Central Government and various authorities responsible for environmental conservation and management.

Kanwar Lake, also known as Kanwar Taal, is situated in Cheriya Bariyarpur, approximately 20 kilometers north of Begusarai. An oxbow lake is a unique geological formation that occurs when a meandering river creates a bend that eventually becomes isolated from the main river stream. These lakes are often rich in biodiversity and serve as crucial habitats for numerous flora and fauna, particularly aquatic species.

Recognized as a Ramsar Site in 2020, Kanwar Lake holds significant ecological importance on an international level. Ramsar Sites are designated under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty aimed at preserving wetlands and promoting their sustainable use. The designation signifies that the lake plays a vital role in supporting biodiversity, regulating water cycles, and providing livelihoods for local communities, particularly those involved in fishing and agriculture.

However, recent reports indicate a troubling trend in the ecological condition of Kanwar Lake. The NGT's bench, led by Chairperson Justice Prakash Shrivastava and expert member Afroz Ahmad, noted a significant decline in fish populations and overall biodiversity within the lake. This decline is largely attributed to reduced water levels and environmental degradation, which have led to the fragmentation of the lake into smaller, disconnected water bodies. Once covering an area of approximately 63 square kilometers, the lake's shrinking size poses a threat to the native fish species that have historically thrived in its waters.

The implications of this ecological decline are profound, not only for the local ecosystem but also for the communities that depend on the lake for their livelihoods. Fishing communities, which have relied on the lake's abundant resources for generations, are facing challenges as fish populations dwindle. The loss of biodiversity can disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem, leading to further degradation and potential collapse of local fisheries.

The NGT's intervention comes at a critical juncture, as the tribunal has highlighted the need for immediate remedial measures to restore and protect the lake's ecological integrity. In its recent order, the bench emphasized the necessity of linking Kanwar Lake to the Burhi Gandak River, which is essential for maintaining water levels and ensuring the ecological health of the wetland. This connection could facilitate the natural flow of water, supporting the replenishment of the lake and its surrounding ecosystems.

Furthermore, the tribunal has called for the implementation of comprehensive conservation strategies, including the delineation and mapping of the lake's boundaries to prevent encroachments. Encroachment has been a significant issue for Kanwar Lake, as human activities such as agriculture and urban development encroach upon its shores, further exacerbating the ecological crisis. The tribunal has urged the removal of these encroachments to restore the lake's natural habitat.

Another critical aspect highlighted by the NGT is the need for infrastructure improvements, such as the construction of embankments or check dams. These structures could help manage water levels, mitigate flooding, and support groundwater recharge, which is vital for the lake's sustainability. The tribunal has also pointed out that monsoon recharge and groundwater seepage are essential for the lake's survival, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to water management.

The legal framework surrounding the protection of Kanwar Lake is robust, with several environmental laws applicable to the situation. The NGT has referenced the Environment (Protection) Act, the Biodiversity Act, and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act as relevant statutes that offer guidelines for the conservation and management of the lake. The tribunal's acknowledgment of these laws underscores the importance of adhering to environmental norms and regulations in addressing the ecological crisis.

In its directive, the NGT has impleaded several key respondents, including the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the Chief Secretary of Bihar, the Central Pollution Control Board, and the National Biodiversity Authority, among others. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that all relevant stakeholders are held accountable for their roles in the protection and management of Kanwar Lake.

The tribunal has ordered these respondents to file their responses by way of affidavit before the Eastern Zonal Bench in Kolkata, with a deadline set for one week prior to the next hearing scheduled for August 31. This timeline reflects the urgency of the situation and the need for prompt action to address the ecological challenges facing Kanwar Lake.

The NGT's actions highlight the growing recognition of the importance of wetlands and their role in maintaining ecological balance. As climate change and human activities continue to exert pressure on natural resources, the protection of vital ecosystems like Kanwar Lake becomes increasingly critical. The tribunal's proactive stance serves as a reminder of the need for collaborative efforts among government agencies, local communities, and environmental organizations to safeguard these precious resources for future generations.

In conclusion, the ecological crisis at Kanwar Lake is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention and action. The NGT's demand for a response from the Centre and other authorities signifies a pivotal moment in the ongoing struggle to protect this vital wetland. The outcomes of this case could have far-reaching implications not only for Kanwar Lake but also for similar ecosystems across the country, highlighting the need for sustainable management practices and a commitment to preserving our natural heritage.